Real Homosexuality: Robert Mapplethorpes Photography in a Political Landscape :: Robert Mapplethorpe Photographic Essays

At each moment, the question boils down to this dignity on whose terms? Increasingly, the resolution is that to have dignity gay people must be seen as normal.--Michael WarnerNo medium or athletic field is free from political assimilation. Perhaps this is wherefore the term the personal is political is so reverberant in such a multitude of communities. In the fine arts community, every art erect reflects a personal decision or touch what medium to best describe a subject or idea in, or the physical variant and making of art by an artist, for example, are ways in which each artist has ownership over their own work. When art is displayed for an audience, the very act of placing a personal piece into the public sphere creates a forum for interactive and political dialogue and judgment. To present artwork in a public arena authorizes the audience to construe interpretation and assessment on that art. The policies and politics that dictate the arrival of art for the public purview ar e not immune to the countenance and judgment-making that occurs once the art is on display. There are foundations and organizations that are founded and funded by the government for the promotion and distribution of fine arts, which of necessity are bound by the legal and litigious dictates of the governing bodies and the public it represents. When artwork or an artist is controversial, it becomes a political issue due to the governmental involvement in funding, and therefore approving, of the contentious art or art-maker. For artists who work in the photographic medium, controversies arise more readily due to the realism of the im maturates. In the case of Robert Mapplethorpe, a self-aggrandizing and sensationalist photographer of the 70s and 80s, his photography was the site for which conservative senator Jesse Helms was able to symbolize the misinterpretations of visual representation for real action.Robert Mapplethorpe (1946-1989) was a gay virile artist who died at the age of 43 of AIDS. His technically brilliant and stylistically scandalous images sparked both controversy and contemplation. He was both praised and derogated by his stark and honest appraisal of the erotic male nude, sadomasochism culture and practices, and homoerotic and multiracial portraits. Mapplethorpes work has a shocking quality both for his choice of subject matter and the fact that the photograph is intrinsically more hardheaded than painting because the images are real. (Cooper, 285). North Carolina Republican

Pro Death Penalty Essay -- Capital Punishment essays research papers

Capital punishment and the practice of the conclusion penalty is an issue that is passionately debated in the United States. Opponents of the wipeout penalty shoot that cap punishment is unnecessary since a life sentence accomplishes the same objective. What death penalty opponents neglect to tell you is that convicted murders and child rapists escape from prison all(prenominal) year(List of prison escapes, 2015). As I write this essay, police are searching for two convicted murders who escaped from the Clinton Correctional Facility in Dannemora, New York on June 6th, 2015. The lone(prenominal) punishment from which one cannot escape is the death penalty.Opponents of the death penalty believe expectant punishment is unnecessary and inappropriate in our modern society. In their minds, such(prenominal)(prenominal) an act by the government serves no positive social purpose and save denigrates life (Death Penalty Focus, 2015). On the other hand, those in favor of capital punishm ent, including the US Supreme Court, see the death penalty as the proper punishment for certain criminals who have hallowted specific hatreds. Supporters also argue that the death penalty is a necessary deterrent to saving innocent lives (Pro-Death Penalty, 2014). Based on my research of this issue I tend to assent with the death penalty advocates and believe that execution is the appropriate sentence and punishment for capital offenses. There are six main rationales for abolishing the practice of capital punishment that are unremarkably heard. One reason is that capital punishment does not deter crime. Anti-death penalty advocates contend that scientific studies consistently fail to demonstrate that executions discourage people from committing crime (Death Penalty Focus, 2015). Another reason for stopping the death penalty is because it can and has been inflicted on innocent people. In addition, abolitionists suggest that the US is unable to prevent such occurrences (Death Pena lty Focus, 2015). A third rationale is that the death penalty discriminates against certain ethnic and racial groups. According to Justice Department figures, nearly 80 percent of inmates on death row are Black, Hispanic or from another minority group (Eddlem, 2002). Yet another reason for abolishing capital punishment is that the death penalty is often applied at random. Politics, quality of legal counsel and the jurisdiction where a crime is committed are more... ... it achieves justice. In my opinion, people who commit heinous crimes against humanity should be executed. Regardless of cost or how long it takes I believe that putting these people to death is the correct sentence, not only because I feel that they deserve to die but because the death penalty is a deterrent and society is better off without these criminals. Therefore I agree with supporters of capital punishment and that the death penalty should remain in existence. My research further solidified my position becaus e I felt that the arguments in favor of capital punishment clearly debunked many of the reasons for abolishment by the anti-death penalty movement. ReferencesDeath Penalty Focus (2015). Facts. Web. 8 June 2015. http//www.deathpenalty.org/index.php?pid=factsEddlem, T. R. (2004). Ten Anti-Death Penalty Fallacies.The New American. 2002. Web. 10 June 2015. http//www.thenewamerican.com/tna/2002/06-03-2002/vo18no11_fallacies.htmPro-Death Penalty (2014). Death Penalty Paper. Web. 8 June 2015. http//www.prodeathpenalty.com/DP.html List of prison escapes Wikipedia 2015. Web. 8 June 2015. https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prison_escapes

Misconceptions and Different Forms of Plagiarism :: Ethical Issues, Copyright Law, Writing

Misconceptions about plagiarisationCheating and stealing are 2 of the many words describing piracy. Plagiarism is a crude misconception because pack do not understand all the meanings of it, do not know the techniques to avoid it, and ask not come to realize that it undermines academic integrity.This misconception involves the widespread variety of definitions on the topic plagiarization. Plagiarism is a word with many meanings. One definition inwardness to use anothers production without crediting the source. another(prenominal) definition is to steal and pass off the ideas or words of another as sensations own. Plagiarism ranges from failing to put a character in quotation marks to stealing a passing off work. Minimal amount of plagiarism is very common in the educational arena where person do plagiarism by substituting the synonyms and editing the original text (Kumar 1). Terms bid copying and borrowing enkindle disguise the seriousness of plagiarism. People often get confused about plagiarizing because the meanings can also get them mixed up and frustrated. In sum, plagiarism can be a very serious form of ethical misconduct (ORI 1). That is how plagiarisms definitions can change ones perspective about it.This misconception often occurs because people do not understand the paths of writing to avoid it. Most cases of plagiarism can be avoided though. Plagiarism can vary in its extent establish on the amount of plagiarism (Kumar 1). The different ardours of writing are very helpful to avoiding plagiarism. The certain style of writing techniques a person uses to avoid plagiarism reveals the writers own voice. It also pertains to the type of audience it would relate to. Some styles of writing involve how the person uses their sentence formation. Some examples are the relax sentence, the periodic sentence, or the balanced sentence. Other styles of writing include diction. Diction pertains to the writers style and mode of thei r writing. The styles of writing can be humorous, general, metaphorical, philosophical, abstract, or concrete. Punctuation is a big part of a writers style because it expresses the writers mood or action. Although plagiarism can usurp many forms there are two major types in scholarly writing plagiarism of ideas and plagiarism of text (ORI 1). That is how using different styles of writing can influence you to avoid plagiarism.Plagiarism occurs when people do not understand the emphasis on the originality of the work.Misconceptions and contrary Forms of Plagiarism Ethical Issues, Copyright Law, WritingMisconceptions about PlagiarismCheating and stealing are two of the many words describing plagiarism. Plagiarism is a common misconception because people do not understand all the meanings of it, do not know the techniques to avoid it, and have not come to realize that it undermines academic integrity.This misconception involves the widespread variety of definitions on the topi c plagiarism. Plagiarism is a word with many meanings. One definition means to use anothers production without crediting the source. Another definition is to steal and pass off the ideas or words of another as ones own. Plagiarism ranges from failing to put a quotation in quotation marks to stealing a passing off work. Minimal amount of plagiarism is very common in the educational sector where person do plagiarism by substituting the synonyms and editing the original text (Kumar 1). Terms like copying and borrowing can disguise the seriousness of plagiarism. People often get confused about plagiarizing because the meanings can also get them mixed up and frustrated. In sum, plagiarism can be a very serious form of ethical misconduct (ORI 1). That is how plagiarisms definitions can change ones perspective about it.This misconception often occurs because people do not understand the styles of writing to avoid it. Most cases of plagiarism can be avoided though. Plagiarism can vary in its extent based on the amount of plagiarism (Kumar 1). The different styles of writing are very helpful to avoiding plagiarism. The certain style of writing techniques a person uses to avoid plagiarism reveals the writers own voice. It also pertains to the type of audience it would relate to. Some styles of writing include how the person uses their sentence formation. Some examples are the loose sentence, the periodic sentence, or the balanced sentence. Other styles of writing include diction. Diction pertains to the writers style and mode of their writing. The styles of writing can be humorous, general, metaphorical, philosophical, abstract, or concrete. Punctuation is a big part of a writers style because it expresses the writers mood or action. Although plagiarism can take many forms there are two major types in scholarly writing plagiarism of ideas and plagiarism of text (ORI 1). That is how using different styles of writing can influence you to avoid plagia rism.Plagiarism occurs when people do not understand the emphasis on the originality of the work.

martin luther :: essays research papers

One of the worlds best known advocates of non-violent social change strategies, Martin Luther King, Jr., synthesized ideas drawn from many different cultural traditions. Born in Atlanta on January 15, 1929, Kings roots were in the African-American Baptist church. He was the grandson of the Rev. A. D. Williams, pastor of Ebenezer Baptist church and a founder of Atlantas NAACP chapter, and the son of Martin Luther King, Sr., who succeeded Williams as Ebenezers pastor and also became a civilized rights leader. Although, from an early age, King resented religious emotionalism and questioned literal interpretations of scripture, he nevertheless greatly admired black social gospel proponents such as his father who saw the church as a instrument for improving the lives of African Americans. Morehouse College president Benjamin Mays and other proponents of Christian social activism influenced Kings decision subsequently his junior year at Morehouse to become a minister and thereby serve s ociety. His continued skepticism, however, shaped his subsequent theological studies at Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, and at Boston University, where he received a doctorate in systematic theology in 1955. Rejecting offers for academic positions, King decided while terminate his Ph. D. requirements to return to the South and accepted the pastorate of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in capital of Alabama, Alabama. On December 5, 1955, five days after Montgomery civil rights activist Rosa Parks refused to obey the citys rules mandating segregation on buses, black residents launched a bus boycott and elected King as president of the newly-formed Montgomery Improvement Association. As the boycott continued during 1956, King gained national prominence as a result of his exceptional oratorical skills and personal courage. His house was bombed and he was convicted along with other boycott leaders on charges of conspiring to interfere with the bus companys operations. Despite these attempts to suppress the movement, Montgomery bus were desegregated in December, 1956, after the United States sovereign Court declared Alabamas segregation laws unconstitutional. In 1957, seeking to build upon the success of the Montgomery boycott movement, King and other southern black ministers founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). As SCLCs president, King emphasized the goal of black voting rights when he spoke at the Lincoln Memorial during the 1957 Prayer tour for Freedom. During 1958, he published his first book, Stride Toward Freedom The Montgomery Story. The following year, he toured India, increased his understanding of Gandhian non-violent strategies.

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

The author of my book is George Orwell. The book I am reading is entitled Animal Farm. My book is a fiction book with talking animals. The animals dissent against Jones and his farm and how their food was low and they had to work to much to just make food for Jones and his family. The animals were victorious in gaining control of the farm. Then the pigs slowly take everyplace the farm and slowly turn it top into just what it had been when Jones had been there. The story takes place on a farm in the country side. Old Major is the first base pig and the ruler who gives all the other animals hope of a insubordination. Snowball is the pig who actually put the rebellion into affect and started the whole rules and laws to start their witness farm. Then theres Napoleon who kicks Snowball out of the farm and takes over the farm and slowly he turns the farm back into what it had been with Jones with him and his partner pigs acquire lots of food for no work and the workers getting litt le food for a lot of work.The story starts with Old Major calling for a opposition of the animals where he tells them of the way animals should live and that he only has a few years left to live, but that the animals must carry out a rebellion one day in the future. So Old Major passes away and one day when the animals had been starved for a few days straight the animals stone-broke into the food room and started eating the food. Jones and his men came out to fight them off, but the animals were to strong for them. The animals drove them out of the farm and declared what used to be called The manor Farm into what they called Animal Farm. Snowball took over as their new leader and served them good especially when Jones came back with some men and guns and tried to take back his farm and Snowball took control and stopped Jones from winning the fight.Then Snowball gets an idea that they should build a windmill that symbolizes their farm and could be used for convert storage. Napole on, another pig who wanted to take rule, said that was a stupid idea and Napoleon went on to plant fake evidence that Snowball

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

The author of my book is George Orwell. The book I am reading is entitled Animal Farm. My book is a fictionalization book with talking animals. The animals rebel against Jones and his lift and how their food was low and they had to work to much to just make food for Jones and his family. The animals were victorious in gaining control of the arise. indeed the pigs slowly take over the farm and slowly turn it back into just what it had been when Jones had been there. The story takes place on a farm in the plain side. Old study is the first pig and the ruler who gives all the other animals hope of a rebellion. Snowball is the pig who actually put the rebellion into hit and started the whole rules and laws to start their own farm. Then theres Napoleon who kicks Snowball out of the farm and takes over the farm and slowly he turns the farm back into what it had been with Jones with him and his partner pigs getting lots of food for no work and the workers getting little food for a l ot of work.The story starts with Old Major calling for a meeting of the animals where he tells them of the way animals should live and that he only has a fewer years left to live, but that the animals must curb out a rebellion one day in the future. So Old Major passes away and one day when the animals had been starved for a few days straight the animals broke into the food room and started eating the food. Jones and his custody came out to fight them off, but the animals were to strong for them. The animals drove them out of the farm and declared what used to be called The Manor Farm into what they called Animal Farm. Snowball took over as their new leader and served them good especially when Jones came back with some men and guns and tried to take back his farm and Snowball took control and stopped Jones from winning the fight.Then Snowball gets an idea that they should build a windmill that symbolizes their farm and could be used for hay storage. Napoleon, another pig who wan ted to take rule, said that was a stupid idea and Napoleon went on to plant warp evidence that Snowball

Expectations manipulate the reader Essay

How does deuce Presentation of lathers threatened childhood in chapters 1-8 of great Expectations manipulate the reader? Great expectations is a book written by Charles Dickens, and was first published in 1861. Charles Dickens was a Victorian writer and also a social commentator during the time. The novel Great Expectations commentates on displace class life in the Victorian era. The book is mainly based on social criticism. The novel is about a boy called stumble who has a cruel start to life, living with his mean sister and her husband.With many mass indifferent to Pips life, Pip starts with low expectations wanting to go to prison. Afterwards his life changes when he is described as a common labouring boy, eager to change this he also changes his expectations in life and from wanting to go to prison, or befitting a blacksmith he wants to become a gentleman and have a high status. Throughout the novel we ar manipulated into feeling sorry for Pip. The events in his life, the people he meets and the way he is treated from childhood till he is grown up.Pip is an orphan at the beginning of the story, this and the factors such as that his p bents are dead make us feel sorry for him. He also lives with his sister who is a harsh and beastly woman and treats him horridly. We are first introduced to Pip whilst he is a child. While in the graveyard he meets an escaped convict who treats him harshly. One of the ways that Dickens manipulates us during this is showing how unprotected and sapless Pip is. After each(prenominal) question he tilted me over a little more, so as to give me a greater awareness of helplessness and danger (chapter 1) this quote shows how feeble Pip is.We are later manipulated even more by the way his sister treats him. Contempt and hatred are just some of the ways that could be used to describe her attitude towards him. Hence he is a l unityly, weak boy who has no parents. Mrs Joe applied tickler to its further investigation. She conclud ed by throwing me I often served as a connubial missile. She beats Pip and acts as if he is nothing moreover a mere slave to her and must do as he is told or she willHow does Dickens successfully link Magwitchs appearance in Chapter one with his return in Chapter Thirty-nine in Great Expectations?Great Expectations is set in the 1800s, for gentlemen of that time, life was rich and full of beautiful houses and places. Because they didnt have to domesticate they spent their days chatting, going to dinners and just having fun. But for the working class, they had to always be thinking of ways to make money and always working to make their next meal. This novel was serialised, which meant that the story was published part by part and so, many groups of people would gather together to read the story. They could then tell each other what they thought was going to happen in the next couple of chapters.To make the audience want to read the next couple of chapters, Dickens had to leftove r each chapter with a cliff hanger. The central protagonist in this novel is Pip. In the first chapter we learn that Pips parents are dead and so he lives with his sister and her husband. We also learn that he had 5 other brothers and sisters who have also died as their five mini gravestones or rocks are beside Pips parents grave. He frequently visits his parents grave even though he has no memory of ever seeing them. He paints a picture in his mind of his mum and dad. In this chapter we get to meet Abel Magwitch who will become a central figure in Pips life.Dickens successfully uses pathetic fallacy in both Chapter One and Chapter Thirty-nine to create a controvert tension. In Chapter One, he describes the digest with negative adjectives such as sting, torn, and growled. These all give negative connotations to the reader to create the bad tension in the weather. He also uses the onomatopoeia care shivers and shuddering to show how the weather is affecting people. He also uses th e word shuddering again in Chapter Thirty-nine providing an obvious link in the weather. Dickens uses the adjective angry more then once to show that whatever is going to happen wont be good.In Chapter Thirty-nine, Dickens hints at negative events by using the simile, like discharges of a cannon which also ties into Chapter One because it is signalling that an escaped convict could be entering the story again because a cannon would sound whenever a convict had escaped. Dickens describes the weather as stormy and wet, stormy and wet which uses repetition to push across how bad the weather is. He also says, mud, mud, mud which is a list of three, which is a very convincing technique to help set the scene for Magwitchs return.

Caring for the individuals with dementia

Currently, incidences of disruptive behavioral problems such as agitation, aggression, rest-activity pattern and sleep heat up disturbance ar reported to be high in people with monomania. The specific determinants of disruptive deportment argon still unclear but predisposing factors argon considered to be associated with the external factors such as the negative provide attitudes and environs. Actually, disruptive behaviour is an umbrella that describes behaviours such as throwing object glasss, hoarding, resisting business organization, self abuse, wandering, repetitious verbalization, aggression and universal agitation.Prevalence of aggressive behaviour has been considered as a subset of disruptive behaviour among individuals with derangement in long-term apportion facilities as 86. 3% has been reported. (Ryder et al. 1991). According to studies on cognitively intact residents and residents with dementia, shows a consistently higher prevalence of behaviours. This paper presents research literature to support the role of a positive environment including attitudes and staff interaction in the aggressive individuals with dementia.Importance of a positive environment including staff interaction and attitudes towards the aggressive individuals with dementia Environment has been change magnitudely recognized as a noteworthy therapeutic element in care of individuals with dementia. In the last decade, it has been realized that environment plays a signifi batht role in reducing the disruptive behaviour, increasing the functional dexterity of the individuals with dementia, as well as improving their quality of life.Problem behaviour in dementia is associated with deficits in the executive control functions of the frontal lobe. However, colonial behaviours seen in individuals with dementia are as a result of multiple, over-learned routines the environmental stimuli triggers. The executive control functions orchestrate the routines into coherent goal-d irected behaviours which in turn set up to the expression of the required habitual response while limiting the unrequited responses.It thereof means that failure of executive control function leads to distractibility and overdependence on environmental factors or digest even lead to apathy and environmental indifferences. However in any case modification of accessible and physical environment fire reduce behaviours that are not required and can elicit the desired behaviours effectively. Moreover, environment is the major component in progressively lowered stress scepter model. (Sife, 1998).Subject to the model, since the ability to adapt in individuals with dementia declines as the dementia progresses, the care stoprs should reduce the environmental demands to ensure that the level of the environmental demands is congruent with the abilities of individuals with dementia. Basically, disruptive behaviours are much often when the stress threshold of an individual is exceeded. M ost of the intervention strategies given in the literature engage manipulation of physical and friendly environments to assemble the unique needfully and personalities of individuals with dementia.Following the recognition of the important role of environment to individuals with dementia, many long-term care facilities fetch come up with additional care units that give a total supportive milieu for them. Following the increase of such special care units practice guidelines such as recommendation for both social and physical environments sop up been developed to ensure that the environment provided by the facilities enhanced the well-being and personhood of individuals with dementia.(Morgan & Stewart1997). However, since there is no empirical data, the special care unit design manuals are base on extrapolations and clinical go out. Predictability and structure are the important aspects of the environment in which individuals with dementia live. The daily routines that reflec t the rhythm of the society are predictable, and with a chance to rest and opportunity for activity, individuals are kept in touch, thus promoting their well being.Patient-centred dementia care is the recommended approach in caring individuals with dementia as it focuses on independence, it is look upon-driven, and it is concerned with the empowerment and well being of individuals with dementia and their families. Moreover the patient-centred care makes the individuals to feel socially confident, valued and supported thus creating personhood which is exposit by Kitwood (1997a) as a status that is bestowed in individuals by others within the society in the context of social being and relationship.Care for the individuals with dementia should focus on maintaining the personhood in the face of the individuals whose mental powers is failing. (Kitwood, 1996). Paying attention to personhood involves recognizing the centrality of the relationship and the uniqueness of the individuals as well as the fact of the embodiment. It therefore means that dementia care that is only involved with the dementia as the disease and its treatment has nothing to do with the patients personhood, damages the patient, and treats as a passive object rather than a human being.Patient-centred dementia care is recommended as it is based on the ethic that regardless of disabilities, all human beings support absolute value and need to be respected, and on the convictions that just like all other human beings, people with dementia are capable of living a fulfilling live. (Kitwood, 1999). The article of faith central to patient-centred dementia care is that the life experience of the individuals, their network relationships and unique personalities should be valued and considered with constant attention by the staff giving the care.This is based on the observation that once dementia is presentation it can never be reduced to the neuropathological damage effects, instead, it is a combination of factors such as social psychology, neurological impairment, physical health, biography and personality. Focusing on the losses or deterioration of the patients with dementia reinforces negative perceptions, progression of dementia and its treatment. Based on some(prenominal) studies, self-esteem is considered as a necessity for the well being of individuals with dementia. (Thorngate, 1999).Patient-centred dementia care is concerned with establishment and maintenance of positive and supportive social environment for individuals with dementia. In the context of this care, the personhood of the individuals is established through and through strengthening of the individuals positive feelings, promoting the healing of psychic wound and nurturing the individuals skills or abilities. Generation and sustenance of positive interaction use singly or together, secure and stable relations, replenishes the personhood of individuals with dementia constantly.Some of the psychotherapeutic tech niques that promote these relationships include facilitation which involves providing the missing parts of action to enable the individuals to do what they would not have done, holding which involve providing physical and psychological space for the individuals to expose vulnerability and tension, and validation which involves the accepting reality the fact that they have dementia- and the feeling of being connected, living and real.Actually, caring for individuals with dementia possess challenges to the care giver in all environments probably because the condition is characterized by progressive brain damage making creating difficulties in their communication, remembering things and to think clearly. Because dementia is associated with swing s in moods, and changes in behaviour and personality, the staff and other care providers should develop positive attitudes when dealing with the unreassuring behaviour such as belligerence and communication difficulties encountered while pr oviding the care.Aggressive behaviour among individuals with dementia continues to burden and challenge the caregivers in special care units and nursing blank spaces. It therefore means that working in such facilities increases the risks of experiencing aggression. Actually, aggression is associated with older people with cognitive impairment than individuals with no cognitive behaviour. The staffs in long-term care mental quickness and nursing home are required to set a positive mood for interaction. The body language and attitude communicates the thought and feeling of an individual ruin than words.The positive mood is set by speaking to the individuals in a respectful and pleasant way. To show affection and to convey message, the staff should use heart of voice and facial expression. Studies show both positive and negative attitude of staff towards the aggressive behaviour of individuals with dementia. These two domains are consistent with the theory of plotted behaviour whic h suggests that attitudes follow from the beliefs held by individuals about the attitudes object just as actions and intentions follow from attitudes.(Ajzen, 1998, p. 32). Although the personality traits and attitudes are similar in a way, attitudes are more malleable and they can change unlike the personality traits. This means that although most of the caregivers attitudes toward aggressive individuals with dementia are negative, they can be changed through appropriate training. Negative and positive attitudes are associated with various forms of care used to prevent the aggressive behaviour from continuing.Acknowledging the relationship between care for individuals with dementia and attitudes, and reference of the effectiveness the positive needs-based approach in reducing aggression can prompt change in the attitudes of the staff. According to the findings of the study carried out by Nakahira et al. (2008, pp. 13 on attitudes towards dementia-related aggression among staff, sta ff characteristics such as level of education, years of experience, position, occupation and age are related to their attitudes. Staffs with higher position, more clinical experience and the older ones have positive attitudes towards patients aggression.It is therefore believed that education factors, and clinical experience influences the attitudes of the staff towards patients aggression hence appropriate education can be used to influence the negative attitudes of the staff towards aggressive individuals with dementia Based on the findings of the study carried out by Middleton et al. (1999) carried out to compare the staffs attitude towards aggressive behaviour of patients with dementia in conventional unit and in special care unit, the staffs from the special care unit have sympathetic towards aggressive individuals with dementia than the staff in traditional unit.Although aggressive behaviour is more in special care unit than in traditional unit, the staff at the special care unit understands that the behaviours are part of the dementia disease thus they do not feel that the patients intentionally directs the aggressiveness towards them as is it believed by staffs in traditional unit. Furthermore, the staffs attitudes and decision-making can be influenced by organisational factors. Staffs working in dementia units of gerontological and mental hospitals within acute hospitals have negative attitudes towards aggressive patients.By measuring the attitudes of staff towards aggressive individual s with dementia, areas requiring skill improvement or education can be identified and it can be used over time to monitors changes in attitudes. Staff education to change the negative attitudes should advocate that there are possibilities of unmet needs among individuals with dementia, and that aggressive behaviour is a form of communication used by the patient and that efforts to understand the message conveyed by the patient, and attempts to meet the peradventure u nmet needs lowers the aggression incidences.Conclusion Incidences of disruptive behavioral problems such as agitation, aggression, rest-activity pattern and sleep wake disturbance are reported to be high in people with dementia. The specific determinants of disruptive behaviour are still unclear but predisposing factors are considered to be associated with the external factors such as the negative staff attitudes and environment. Environment has been increasingly recognized as a significant therapeutic element in care of individuals with dementia.Moreover, it is the major component in progressively lowered stress threshold model which states that the ability to adapt in individuals with dementia declines as the dementia progresses, the care givers should reduce the environmental demands to ensure that the level of the environmental demands is congruent with the abilities of individuals with dementia. Basically, disruptive behaviours are more often when the stress threshold of an in dividual is exceeded.Most of the intervention strategies given in the literature engage manipulation of physical and social environments to meet the unique needs and personalities of individuals with dementia. Patient-centred dementia care is recommended as it is based on the ethic that regardless of disabilities, all human beings have absolute value and need to be respected, and on the convictions that just like all other human beings, people with dementia are capable of living a fulfilling live.The principle central to patient-centred dementia care is that the life experience of the individuals, their network relationships and unique personalities should be valued and considered with constant attention by the staff giving the care. Staff education to change the negative attitudes should advocate that there are possibilities of unmet needs among individuals with dementia, and that aggressive behaviours are forms of communication used by the patient and that efforts to understand th e message conveyed by the patient, and attempts to meet the possibly unmet needs lowers the aggression incidences.ReferencesAjzen, I (1988). Attitudes, behaviour and personality. Buckingham Open University.Kitwood, T (1996). Building up mosaic of good practice. J DementCAre, 3, 12-13.Kitwood, T (1999). When your heart wants to remember person- centred dementia care in RCN breast feeding update. Nursing standards, 13, 1-22.Kitwood, T. (1997a). Dementia reconsidered the person comes first. Buckingham Open University, pp. 7-8, 91,Middle ton JI, Stewart NJ & Richardson. (1999) Caregivers distress related to disruptive behaviours on special care units versus traditional long-term care units. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 25, 11-19.Morgan, D.G., & Stewart, N.J. (1997). The importance of the social environment in Dementia care. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 19(6), 740-761Nakahira, Miwa, Moyle, Wedy, Creedy, Debra and Hitomi, Hiroe. (2008). Attitudes towards dementia-related aggr ession among staff among Japanese aged care setting. Clinical Nursing Journal, 18, 807- 816.Ryden, M, Bossenmaier, M and McLahlan, C (1991). Aggressive behaviour in cognitively impaired home residents. Research in Nursing and Health14, 87-95.Sife, W (1998). After stroke enhancing quality of life. New York Haworth, pp. 129-42Thorngate W (1999). Forget me not some comments on self-esteem among Alzheimers sufferers. Culture and Psychology, 5, 33-39.

Festivals are the best way to learn about your faith Essay

Festivals be the best port to learn virtually your reliance. Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer and show that you have thought near different points of view. Refer to Judaism in you answer. (15 marks)According to Jews, each individual has a strong duty to uphold their covenant with God. In fact, this is possibly the most important thing a Jew does during his/her life measure love and honour Gods commands and wishes. It is essential that all Jews, adults and children, understand what this means.Festivals are used to rejoice but they also have a strong message that will help Jews to ensue the Torah and to love God. They help Jews to learn about their faith.E.g. Passover teaches the Jews about their history and about Gods ability to change history.Shabbat regard ass the Sabbath day when God rested from creating the world. And so, Jews mustiness rest too on this day and do no work whatsoever. Jews reflect upon God as the creator of all things.Simchat Torah commemo rates the acceptance of the Torah and Gods counselling on how His chosen people should liveRosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur both call upon Jews to reflect upon their actions to God and towards each other. They are times of forgiving.Another way that festivals are very important is because of the children of Jews. They are the Jewish future and without them, the faith would die. Jews rely on the traditions and symbolism to pass down finished generations. Festivals are particularly in force(p) in teaching children because not only are they generally fun, they present to children a time to see distant relatives, a time to relax, a time to forgive each other and to be happy.Festivals are a exceptionally inviolable way for children to learn about their faith but there are many ways a Jew can learn about his faith and although festivals may be the most fun, there are other essential things a Jew must learn about to learn about his/her faith.Some Jews may argue that before they are even of an age to learn, they must be initiated into their faith by a row of festivals such as Brit Milah (circumcision), Simchat Habat (The naming ceremony for girls), Bar Mitzvah and Bat Mitzvah. These festivals mark huge event the entrance fee into Judaism and the responsibility for checking the covenant and the commandments for themselves. Children learn about all this through extensive research and reading of the Torah and the Hebrew language.Another way of learning about the religion is the reading of the Torah. Both the learning of the Written Torah and the Oral Torah is fundamental. Preferably, they will learn it in its original language, Hebrew, but nowadays, children will often learn the incline version or in the language of whatever country they live. Synagogues provide study classes for communities of children and adults.The Written Torah contains the six hundred and thirteen mitzvoth that Jews must strive to keep for all of their life. The Oral torah provides a interpretatio n of these rules and how to keep them.Many Jews will also look to the local Rabbi to learn about their faith. He will force out them on any problems they have and willingly explain anything a Jew is confused about. They are they as guidance and help for Jews and are a very good way of enlightenment about Judaism.I am inclined to agree with the statement, because the event becomes a lot more interesting and fun as it is a break from the norm and it can be easy to remember certain events by having simple symbols to remind you. For example in Passover a Seder meal is eaten which contains some(prenominal) symbols to describe the event, which occurred 3,300 years ago. The Zroah is a roasted bone of lamb to symbolise painting the gateway posts with lambs blood so the nonpareil of Death passed over that house and spared the first-born son and the matzah symbolises the Israelites leaving in a hurry, before their bread has risen.These symbols in the festival enable Jews to understand and remember the story by relating the food theyre eating. So, when they see the Zroah they will think, Oh, yes, I remember that lambs blood was painting over door posts so the Angel did not kill the first-born son of that house This is because they can relate it to the Zroah being a roasted bone of lamb, so it jogs their memory. This is a good way to teach younger children about the story as they relate better to symbols and interesting stories than about lectures and rules that they MUST obey.I find that I can learn something much easier if I enjoy what I am learning and festivals are a really fun way of learning about ones faith.However I can understand the point of view of those Jews who believe that the Written and Oral Torah are essential for the awareness of Judaism. I do believe that it is very important that Jews learn about the commandments and how they should be kept, because it is that which keeps the faith alive.I think, to sum it up, that festivals are a very good way to learn about ones faith, because children can relate to them better and children are, of course, the future of Judaism, but I think if a Jew has learnt about their faith through all of these aspects then you cannot ask for a more devoted and steadfast person.

Financial loss Essay

This article is about crime and pauperisation and it to a fault looks at the crimes that authorize to the highlyior copious and why a extremely ample someone would risk everything for much m nonp atomic number 18ily. There is no clear definition of what crime is moreover crime can be looked at in m whatever different ways. In his book, what is a crime hydrogen states that it has got multiple dimensions since there are the crimes that feel in the decree and also those that happen nationally. aversion is harmful acts in the society which cause pain to their victims. (150) Poverty is a state of not universe able to provide oneself with staple fibre call for due to escape of capital and resources.(Henry 150) It is a state where one feels deprived by circumstances of their most needs and not beingness able to live comfortably in their day to day activities due to lack of resources and other needs upon which are very basic. (Henry 150) Crime and poverty are intertwine d in that due to lack of provision of needed basics poverty pushes slew to crime. Crime match to the book by (Stuart Henry 2001), there are offenses which are committed and are contrary to the rules and laws set in the society. A crime is an offences which is considered immoral as well as nonlegal in the society.It is the deviation from the social norms as well as values. (154) Crime is a behavior which is unacceptable and it is done by its perpetrators by choice further it is also outlawed by the state. Crimes are also detrimental to the community. These acts of harm should be determined according to the circumstances in which they occurred. (Henry 158) Poverty (Henry Stuart 2001) states that this is the shortage of basic needs and common things which a person needs for the day to day survival such as food, water, shelter, c bevyhing and which all determine ones quality of life. (135)It stick withs with lack of basics which are needed also to enhance a total life for someone. Good education needs to be stick oned with a good income and whence an eventual good life. Poverty suppresses comfort in life where one is not able to make ends meet. Poverty also deprives one services, goods and pleasures which are make loveed by others who are not poor. In fact poor people are in a class of their own and those that have in abundant may take for granted some of the needs that the poor have. (Henry 136) Crime and povertyCrime and poverty are interrelated. It is enhanced by the social mobility of a arena or a nation. If the social mobility of a country is stagnant then we have poverty and crime as we dont have any development whatsoever. (Henry 138) There are social ills of a society that make people poor like poor infrastructure lack of adequate housing , unemployment and others that make people in the society poor materially and spiritually. According to the book what is Crime (2001) for crime to be eliminated in the society then poverty has to be eliminat ed first.Crime is also cause by forces of the social breakdown. For one to be eliminated, however the other has to first be eliminated. (Henry 149) Lack of education leads to one not getting a good job and becomes poor, desperate and angry and also depressed. The idleness leads to the formation of gangs and thoughts of how to commit crime. This is primarily due to lack of opportunities. (Henry 155) According to (Henry Stuart 2001) money is very tempting to the poor and once offered it forced one to engage in any sort of crime in order to supplement income.Poverty makes people needy and hence exploitation where the poor are enticed into crime for money especially where there is no any government intervention. (174) generative countries experience this since the cost of living keeps rising, while wages remain stagnant hence the gap between the rich and the poor widens and thus the poor become poorer while the rich get richer. Only the intervention of the government can arrest this b y doing more for a nation on order for the people to be able to uplift themselves and consequently their standards of living. (Henry 172)Why a Super Rich Person Would Risk Everything For More Money According to Ferdinand Lundberg, the super rich people are the people who have a social class in the society and it consists of those with power as well as wealth. They are entrepreneurs, investors and that is where their income comes from and hence they benefit from capital gains. (69) They have a shape in the society and they must keep up with the maintenance of this side. It is very expensive to advance this status and hence they would risk everything for more money.Maintenance They prefer to live in expensive homes and they own many homes. The cost of maintaining these homes are very high since they come with luxury like pools, guest houses as well as tennis courts and hence they have to need loads of money for the maintenance of this. (Lundberg 68) Staff The super rich require a l ot of staff who run their homes. This comes with their status since they are super rich they have people who run their homes and for them to maintain their status they need money for the upkeep to these staff. (Irvin 159) CostIn his book Irvin states that since the lifestyle of the super rich is luxurious they are not able to cut costs since they deal with high costs including the best and the most expensive things. They have to continue with this tend of only having the most expensive and they need more and more money for them to keep this status up. (163) Friends (Lundberg 76) states in his book that they are in a social class and their circle of friends is in their same status. The super rich would not risk not having more money as this would make their friends look down on them.For them to maintain the friends in their social class and also fro them to remain on top and maintain their status they need more money and they would risk anything for more money. (Lundberg 77) Financia l loss In his book (Irvin 168) the super rich fear to suffer from monetary loss since the same characteristics that give them the ability to achieving wealth are the same that may cause loss of financial freedom and this can cause devastation to the super rich so they would risk everything for more money. Pressure created by wealthThere is much that is evaluate from the super rich. This makes it hard for them to just sit back and enjoy what they already have but they have to keep proving that they are still wealthy and so they would risk for more money. (Irvin 169) Pressure Created By Wealth According to (Irvin 150) there is much that is expected from the super rich. This makes it hard for them to just sit back and enjoy what they already have but they have to keep proving that they are still wealthy and so they would risk for more money.They are under a lot of pressure from the society to keep making more and more money and hence they keep doing more for more money as they look a t the success of those around them as well as their friends in the same social status. (Irvin 152) Crimes That Happen To The Super Rich Blackmail (Lundberg 82) states that the super rich are protective of their lavish lifestyle and they also wish to maintain their image as clean and they dont like exposure in the society f their misgivings.One of the crime they suffer from is blackmail where someone threatens them with revealing some true information about them to the public, any other person that they may not wish for them to know their particular it of information or even to a business partner. (Lundberg 82) The said information could cause them embarrassment or could misemploy them socially if revealed and people wishing to blackmail the super rich know that they would be willing to meet any demand made upon the victim in order fro this information not to be revealed.Kidnapping According to the book the Rich and the Super Rich Lundberg states that this is a crime of taking someo ne away(p) against their will to further another crime or for a ransom. The super rich suffer this crime where their family member, wife, husband, child is kidnapped and the kidnapers ask for a ransom of money from the family to secure the release of that person. The person is taken against his will and is falsely imprisoned until the said amount of money is paid to secure their release. (80)The super rich are known to be willing to do this as they have a lot of money and they can be able to honor the kidnappers demands in transmute of the false imprisonment of the person. (Lundberg 80) Credit Card Fraud In his book Super Rich Irvin feels that this is the information and data of the said super rich person is obtained and compromised this information on a credit card thus carrying out the transaction using the said card pausing as the real card holder. (146) Since the super rich are believed to have a lot of money this credit card is used to obtain goods or even to get funds from a n cypher hence this is done fraudulently.(Irvin 147) Conclusion According to (Henry 136) Crime is the cause of harm and pain to the one that it is directed to while poverty is the state of not being able to provider for basic necessities. Crime and poverty are inter related and one cannot e eliminated before the other, since poverty leads people to lack good jobs and hence are not able to earn good money or provide for themselves ultimately. They therefore turn into crime due to stress and also as powerful people lure them into crime for money which they need desperately due to poverty.(Henry 136) The super rich suffer from crimes directed to them due to the strong believe that they have a lot of money. (Irvin 145) However the status of the super rich is luxurious and high and due to this social status it is important for them to maintain it and hence they would risk everything for more money. References- Ferdinand Lundberg. The Rich and the Super rich. New York Nelson Publishers, 1998. George Irvin. Super Rich. U. K Polity Publishers, 2008. Stuart Henry. What is Crime. Washington Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2001.

Nature Of Scandals Perpetrators And Their Roles Accounting Essay

A figure of write up damns have occurred within the past old ages, the consequence of which will go on to be remembered by the general populace. These dirts were blamed on series of factors, runing from hapless unified organisation to the compensation-plan of top direction. Two of the virtually dramatic and habitual dirts were Polly toilet in the UK in 1990 and Enron in the US in 2001. These two dirts where different in their ain ways, barely they end-results were similar distraught stock clutchesers lost their liberal life nest ball, employees lost their occupations, creditors did non acquire paid back, and tonss more.NATURE OF SCANDALS, PERPETRATORS AND THEIR ROLESIn 1980, a gild known as Restro Investment which was hearled by Asil Nadir bought 58 % of the portions of Polly find fault, a detailed connection in the fabric industry for ?270,000. With this, he had control over the participation and within 10 old ages of purchase, Polly piece grew into a large comp al l ( Wearing, 2005 ) . Within the old ages 1982 1989, turnover, pre-tax net income, and net assets rose from ?21 billion to ?1.16 billion, ?9 million to ?161 million, and ?12 million to ?845 million severally ( Jones, 2011 ) . However, despite its first-class consequences, Polly Peck was unable to pay its creditors. What was surprising was that although Nadir had merely 25 % of the portions as at 1989, he still controlled and dominated the board and the company as a whole. Nadir extracted lowering currency from Polly Peck and transferred it into its subordinate companies like Uni-Pac before he finally transferred it out for his personal usage. These backdowns would visualize in Polly Peck s histories as sum owed by subordinates and would later be foundationcelled out as inter-company quietus ( Jones, 2011 ) . An probe by the Serious Fraud shoes ( SFO ) excessively revealed that Polly Peck cooked up its assets in some of its subordinates so as to call off out the sum owed by these subordinates to Polly Peck. What besides made the dirt worse were the write up policies adopted by Polly Peck which were in conformity to the demand of accounting criterions at that clip. In 1983, Polly Peck adopted the SSAP 20 ( unconnected Currency Translation ) and take to utilize the mean rate to interpret its profitless points. Therefore, when it restated its 1982 financial statement in line with SSAP, there was an addition of ?2.7 million in turnover and ?1.5 million in net assets for that twelvemonth merely. Hence, Polly Peck continued with its mean method in interpreting net income and loss points, and from 1983-1989, Polly Peck made a net income before sake and revenue sweetening of ?599 million and within the same period, debited ?415 million to the net income and loss history cod to the motions on exchange. Of this ?415 million, ?56 million was as a consequence of the usage of the mean method in change overing its net income and loss points, while the balance was due to the interlingual rendition of its opening net investings. Hence, Polly Peck continued to turn each twelvemonth, as motion on the exchange was inauspicious.Andrew Fastow, the CFO at Enron, was nookie the creative activity of Particular Purpose Entities ( entities set up to transport out current activities ) into which Enron could dump debts and generate income, thereby lead oning investors on the real(a) nature of their capital construction. With this, he was able to conceal debt worth over $ 1 billion in the SPEs. Besides, due to the fact that the US GAAP stipulated that such SPEs need non be consolidated if at least 3 % of its entire funding came from self-governing equity acknowledgeers, Enron had the perfect alibi non to consolidate their statements with those of their SPEs. However, it was subsequently spy that the equity was non really owned by independent 3rd party, but by Enron itself. Therefore, Enron should hold consolidated the SPEs in the first case. Bes ides, Enron s CEO, Jeffrey Skilling pleaded with regulators to enable the company utilize the mark- to-market accounting method, thereby enabling him to set down $ 65 million of net income for his section. This was entirely done to enable him run into analysts outlook and besides obtain the promised compensation of 3 % of the value of his section s concern.Enron s board of managers fell abruptly of their duties by puting aside the code of moralss and leting illegal confederacy to take topographic point. Besides, the board did non follow through the probe carried out by the finance section sing the compensation of Fastow. Although the board argued that they had no noesis about what was traveling on, the Powers Report stated that the board had failed in its oversight responsibilities ( Gown & A Abelson, 2002 ) .The visit commission at Enron had every rectify to look into the traffics that Enron was traveling into in order to halt it from the oncoming. However, they did non inqui re any inquiries nor did they size up the boards ( Peel & A Hill, 2002 ) .Analysts on the other manus compounded the sendup by endorsing Enron and promoting people to purchase their portions even when the stock monetary value was falling. Whenever analysts opted to state otherwise, they would run into jobs with their employers. This was the instance of Chung Wu who was sacked by his director Price Webber because Chung move an electronic mail to Enron s investors stating them to take some money off the tabular array as the fiscal state of affairs at Enron was non flavour good.Detriments TO STAKEHOLDERS OF THE ENTITIESOne of the negative effects of accounting frauds is the disadvantage it normally has on stakeholders like creditors, employees, stockholders, and any other individual or group of people who have a good social function in the planetary house. As respects Polly Peck, it was revealed that they owed over 1.3 billion to creditors. And to do affairs worse, these credit ors merely received 4 pence for every lb they were owed. Besides, most stockholders every bit good as 1000 s of pensionaries lost all of their investing. Ten 1000s of employees besides lost their occupations.As with employees at Enron, they were deceived into believing that the company was still making good and were farther prevented from selling their stock or diversifying their portfolio even while the top executives were selling theirs. They watched haplessly as their life nest eggs vanished from their eyes. As a consequence of the dirt, the repute of top direction was destroyed and it led to some of them like Jeffery Skilling, Andrew Fastow, and Kenneth Ley being persecuted and later imprisoned. Sing the investors at Enron, both(prenominal) institutional and single investors lost a immense sum of their investing because they were deceived into believing that the house was still executing well.Regarding executives and senior direction, unethical patterns were paramount in Enron whereby those who played along were showered in compensations and wagess, while those who challenged the traffics were persecuted.GOVERNANCE ROLES THE BOARDS HAVE OVER THE ENTITIESThe board of managers are those who are responsible for guaranting that the company is being managed by the directors in the involvement of the stockholders, and they are responsible for keeping the ethical codification of the organisation. Board of managers are besides meant to supervise accounting patterns in order to guarantee conformity with accounting criterions, reappraisal wage strategies of top executives in order to forestall struggle of involvement arising, and guarantee independency of company s hearers by revolving the examine house after every few old ages and forestalling the audit house from supplying both internal and external audit serve.This was non the instance at Enron as the improper electric pig of its board of managers was one of the major jobs which led to its autumn.It can besid es be state that there was weak administration at Polly Peck as Nadir was able to travel big amounts of money without any employees or managers oppugning him. This was seeming due to the fact that Nadir was moving as both president and CEO, thereby giving him absolute power and control and besides due to the deficiency of effectual control system within Polly Peck s caput obligation in London. The control systems were so weak to the extent that even the demand for double signatures on bank backdowns was absent.ROLE OF EXTERNAL AUDITORS AND AN ASSESSMENT AS TO WHETHER THEIR AUDIT DUTIES WERE FULFILLEDThe hearers of Polly Peck were Erdal & A co. ( Turkish subordinates hearers ) and Stoy Hayward ( UK- based group hearers ) . Erdal & A co. collaborated with Polly Peck in the uses of their histories and this led to the exclusion of Erdal spouses from the Institute of Charted Accountants of England and Wales, while Stoy Hayward was criticized on the flat coat of inefficiency in the a ppraisal of Erdal in transporting out the audit of the Turkish subordinates of Polly Peck inefficiency in reexamining Erdal s working documents and failure to look into the causes of the unnatural growing in its subordinates.SAS 82 requires external hearers to look for fiscal and non-financial inducements as indexs of fraud while transporting out their audit responsibilities. Harmonizing to Apostolo et Al ( 2001 ) , there were two of these non-financial inducements present at Enron which were unattended by Andersen. They were compensation being linked to aggressive accounting patterns, and direction s casual attitude over the internal controls. Besides, Andersen did non describe the revenue enhancement turning away strategy used by Enron. From another point of position, the drastic alterations in the fiscal statements of Enron were supposed to hold made the external hearers leery. much(prenominal) asWhy the operating income, Earnings per portion ( EPS ) , and gross borders fluct uated greatly between the old ages 1997- 2000Why the stock monetary value increased tremendously in 2000, when the EPS merely increased by a small per centum, and in fact gross border per centum dropped from 13.3 % to 6 % .With all this, it can be said that both Stoy Hayward and Andersen did non take a c drop off expression at the ruddy flags which suggested that there could be fraud at Polly Peck and Enron severally.AUDITORS CONFLICT OF INTERESTSHearers struggle of involvement refers to a state of affairs whereby the personal involvement of hearers struggles with their fiducial responsibilities, therefore holding undue influence on their duties and forestalling them from moving in the scoop up involvement of stockholders. This struggle of involvement can be existent or perceived. Arthur Andersen was Enron s external hearer, supplying it with external audit services, internal audit services and consultancy services. Coupled with the fact that a big sum of the house s fee was from its non-audit work instead than its audit work, it can be stipulated that there was a menace to the independency of Arthur Andersen, thereby taking to a struggle of involvement. In add-on, the relationship between Enron and Andersen s employees was so close that at Enron s office in Houston, it was hard to distinguish Enron s employees from Andersen s. To decline the state of affairs, Enron s internal audit staff became Andersen s staff when Enron s internal audit division was taken over by Andersen. This depicts a true scenario of struggle of involvement as the independency place of the hearers has been compromised. Though Andersen argued that this relationship did non in any manner affect their independency place, it still was against the AICPA s ( American Institute of Certified human beings Accountants ) codification of professional behavior demand that external hearers should at all times give the visual aspect of independency in order to give credibleness to their work.In the instance of Polly Peck, the struggle of involvement that arose was on the portion of Coopers & A Lybrand, who were responsible for the disposal and receivership of Polly Peck. There was a struggle of involvement as they had portions in Polly Peck, audited its subordinates, served as advisers to the managers and reported on the company s prospectus ( Sikka, 2004 ) . Besides as Polly Peck was one of Stoy Hayward s most established clients, there was the possibility of struggle of involvement as Stoy Hayward would non desire to lose a major beginning of their income.LESSONS LEARNT FROM THE SCANDALSBefore the prostration of Polly Peck, stakeholders and the general populace found it difficult to understand how the company was doing its money even though it had no hard currency, but no 1 was making or stating anything about it, and there were no inquiries asked. Therefore, an of import lesson learnt is that inquiries should be raised and probes should be carried out when there is unc ertainty, in order to place the possibility of a fraud before it s excessively late. Besides, Asil Nadir was moving as both the president and CEO of Polly Peck, thereby holding so much authorization and power which means there was barely any segregation of responsibilities, doing it hard to acknowledge the fraud from the beginning. Hence, another lesson learnt is to hold two different persons moving as CEO and president, as stated in the Cadbury study.One of the lessons learnt from the Enron dirt is that hearers should be rotated after a certain figure of old ages so as to keep their independency. In the instance of Enron, Andersen was its hearer since its origin in 1983, hence, the stopping point relationship between Andersen and Enron. This likely led to Andersen overlooking the abnormalities of Enron.Besides, it was learnt that there should be a cheque on bonus-based compensation for employees, as this could hold made them beg any agencies to accomplish the tell fillip, even tho ugh it could be to the hurt of the company in the long tally.How were these lessons structuredd into subsequent codifications on corporate administration? Explain what these codifications aimed to accomplishAs a determent for the dirt in Enron happening in future, the Sarbanes Oxley act 2002 ( SOX ) was introduced. This SOX does non undertake the issue of corporate administration by implementing codification of best pattern or rule, but by puting more duties on managers and senior direction. For illustration, the CEO and CFO must attest that to the best of their cognition that the one-year study and quarterly studies do non incorporate an untrue statement or skip of immaterial fact and that the fiscal statements and fiscal information reasonably represent, in all stuff facets, the true fiscal status and consequences of operations of the company. Therefore, one of the purposes of the SOX is to do the CEO and CFO guarantee that fraud does non happen, otherwise they will be held resp onsible and penalized. The act requires all listed companies to hold audit commissions which will be responsible for finding their audit fees and naming hearers, thereby guaranting they carry out their work decently. These audit commissions must dwell of independent managers who must non, in whatsoever circumstance, obtain confer withing and non-board fees from the company, thereby beef uping their independency from the company. Audited account houses are prohibited from functioning as hearers of a shady house for a twelvemonth, if it so occurred that the CEO, CFO, or main accounting officer of the audited house has in any manner participated in the company s audit while employed by the audit house, thereby avoiding any struggle of involvement on the portion of hearers.Another measure taken was the constitution of PCAOB ( Public Company Accounting Oversight Board ) for the debut of stiff processs that will safeguard the hearers independency from direction and the ordinance of the profession. Besides, the PCAOB was put to supervise the audit of reality companies in order to protect the involvement of investors.The Cadbury study was published in 1992 after the prostration of some outstanding UK companies, including Polly Peck. The prostration was chiefly as a consequence of board inadvertence and weak administration systems. The Cadbury study is a study of a commission chaired by Adrian Cadbury which focuses on the agreement of company boards and accounting systems to cut down corporate administration hazards and failures. It recommends the constitution of a non-statutory codification of best pattern and administration issues in listed companies. This was known as the combined codification which was to go the anchor of corporate administration. The codification recommends that board of UK corporations or publically traded companies should include at least three outside non-executive managers effectual internal control systems should be put in topographic point , there should be transparence in its fiscal coverage, and that places of Chairman of the Board ( COB ) and Chief Executive ships officer ( CEO ) be held by two different persons.PRINCIPLE BASED CODES VERSUS RULES BASED CODESIt can be said that the codifications under the US Code of Corporate governing ( for illustration, Sarbanes Oxley Act ) are regulations based while those under the UK Code of Corporate arrangement ( for illustration, Cadbury study ) are principle based. The US Code of Corporate Governance focuses on quantitative go such as audit commission and outside managers while the UK Code of Corporate Governance focuses on qualitative steps such as transparence and due diligence. This can be seen in the instance of Enron although it met the quantitative steps of corporate administration, it failed to run into the qualitative steps. The regulations based codifications can be said to be regulator-led as the SEC are apt for implementing, implementing and supervising codi fications of corporate administration, hence, have a one-size-fits all eruption and gives small or no room for creativeness, while the rule based codifications on the other manus can be said to be shareholders-led as the stockholders have the right to make up ones mind on what codifications are indispensable and suited to guard their involvement.Harmonizing to Rezaee ( 2008 ) , the rules based attack is seen to be more effectual than the regulations based attack due to the fact that it is more flexible and enables the participants of corporate administration, for illustration hearers, audit commission and managers exercise their professional opinion, thereby, keeping the dependability and quality of the corporate administration system.Your positions as to whether the corporate administration codifications have addressed all the issues raised or whether other countries need to be addressed either through codifications or through companies ain corporate administration processsIt can be concluded that though most of the issues sing the Polly Peck and Enron dirts have been addressed in the codifications of corporate administration, the issue of the audit commission has non been to the full addressed. Although the SEC requires listed companies to hold audit commissions, we believe they should be held more responsible and penalized if there is a corporate administration failure in the company which they are supervising.

Boston Red Sox

Omar Perez BOSTON RED SOX INTRODUCTION capital of Massachusetts Red Sox is a victor baseball game team of United States major(ip) League based in capital of Massachusetts, Massachusets. It belongs to the East American class League. The New York Yankees are their traditional rivals. 1. TEAM HISTORY The Boston Red Sox were created in 1893 as a minor league franchise in the city of Toledo, Ohio in the Western League. Then moved to Boston when that league became the American League in 1900. The name of Red Sox was chosen by owner John I.Taylor after the 1907 season and is based on an obsolete form of socks. The former team of the Boston National League (Braves) had received as name, originally, because they used Red Stockings and Red Sox before leaving the practice temporarily in 1907, which inspired the owner of the American League team to use this nickname. Before 1908, the team used the American League average dark blue and had no official nickname. It was simply called the Boston or the Baseball Club of Boston. * The Curse of The BambinoThe Curse of the Bambino was a superstition cited as a reason for the failure of the Boston Red Sox baseball team to win the World Series in the 86-year period from 1918 until 2004. While some fans took the curse seriously, most used the expression in a jestingly manner. The curse was said to have begun after the Red Sox sold Babe Ruth, sometimes called The Bambino, to the New York Yankees in the off-season of 1919-1920. The Red Sox had been one of the most successful professional baseball franchises, winning the outgrowth World Series in 1903 and amassing five World Series titles prior to selling Ruth.After the sale, the once-lackluster Yankees became one of the most successful franchises in North American professional sports. Talk of the curse as an ongoing phenomenon ended in 2004, when the Red Sox came back from a 0-3 best-of-seven deficit to beat the Yankees in the 2004 American League accompaniment Series and then w ent on to sweep the St. Louis Cardinals to win the 2004 World Series. The curse had been such a part of Boston assimilation that when a road sign on the citys much-used Storrow Drive was andalized from Reverse Curve to Reverse The Curse, officials left it in place until after the Red Sox won the Series in a 4-0 sweep. 2. -LEGENDS Denton True Cy Young. More commonly known as Cy, the sorry right hander spent nearly 20 years in the big leagues and set the pitching standard for all of baseball to follow. He was the only pitcher in baseballs first 100 years to win calciferol games, including three no- take up shutouts and a perfect game on May 5, 1904. George Herman Babe Ruth. Youll rarely find a name in baseball recognise by so many people.From his portly physique to his legendary swing, to his affection for fans, George Herman Babe Ruth has often been called the best baseball player of all time. Ted Williams. Considered by many to be the greatest hitter to ever play the game of bas eball, Ted Williams is a true personification of the Red Sox mystique. He amassed 521 home runs, including a salient farewell homer on his last at clobber in 1960. Teddy Ballgame Goes . 406. In just his third year, at only 23 years of age, Ted Williams went into the last day of the 1941 season collision . 996, an average that officially rounds up to . 400. He is the only player in baseball history to hit . 400 in a season. * A Parting Shot Never has an athlete finished in such style. In his last at bat of a Hall of Fame career, Ted Williams sent 10,454 fans into a frenzy when he launched a 1-1 pitch from Baltimore Orioles pitcher Jack Fisher high into the damp gray toss out and into the Red Sox bullpen for a home run. Roger Clemens. The Rocket mows down 20. Red Sox manager John McNamara said it was the most awesome display of pitching he had ever seen.On a Tuesday night in April of 1986, Red Sox right-hander Roger Clemens shot down a platter number of Seattle Mariners to break the major(ip) League record for strikeouts in a nine-inning game. Roger Clemens won his third and final Cy Young in 1991 in a Red Sox uniform by going 18-10 with a 2. 62 ERA. He also registered 241 strikeouts that season. 3. CHAMPIONSHIPS The Baseball Club has won 7 Worl Series Championships, some of them are a) The 1915 World Series was marked by the strong hitting performances of the legendary Sox outfield of Duffy Lewis, Tris Speaker and Harry Hooper.After dropping Game 1, the Sox won the next four to defeat the Philadelphia Phillies for the financial support. b) Babe Ruth was the season and World Series hero, with a 23-12 regular season record and a 1. 75 ERA. In Game 2 of the Series, Ruth pitched a 14-inning, complete game 2-1 win against the Brooklyn Dodgers, piece the Sox went on to take the Series four games to one for the insurgent straight year. The Sox played their World Series games in 1915 and 1916 in the new and larger dexterity National League Braves Field on Com monwealth Avenue, which held 40,000 fans. ) In 2004, the Red Sox went into the postseason as the American League Wild Card entry. They swept the Angels in the Division Series. The Sox were nearly swept out of the American League Championship Series, trailing the Yankees, 3-0, in the best-of-seven series. But that was when they officially became historymakers, becoming the first team in Major League Baseball history to recover from a 3-0 deficit. After thumping the Yankees in seven games, the Sox swept the Cardinals for their first World Series championship in 86 years. Ramirez was named MVP of the Series. ) 2007, this years wire-to-wire performance by the Red Sox was one of the most impressive in team history. Manager Terry Franconas team took over first place in the American League East on April 18 and never let it go. It was Bostons first division title since 1995. The fun did not abide after the 96-66 regular season. The Red Sox swept the Angels in the Division Series, came back from a 3-1 deficit to beat the Indians in a seven-game American League Championship Series and then broke out the brooms again in a World Series sweep of the Colorado Rockies.It was the second World Series championship for the Red Sox in four years, this after not winning one for 86 years. There were several individual standouts, from the Rookie of the Year performance of second baseman Dustin Pedroia to a 20-win season by Josh Beckett to more heroics from star run producer David Ortiz. Third baseman Mike Lowell, the MVP of the World Series, also had a big year, hitting . 324 with 21 homers and 120 RBIs. After much fanfare, Daisuke Matsuzaka came over

Ethical Leader

An ethical leader is a leader who has good virtue characteristics as a human be that displays good quality leadership that is thoughtful of others that coming into courts cargon and kindness and believes in fairness to others. A good ethical leader encourages others to do the right social function and lead others in the right directions of making the right decisions. This paper contains virtues and vice on aeronaut supply generosity organization and business affairs.The evidence is shown that c aloneing card Gates is a man of numerous virtues proven by a philanthropy organization called Bill and Melinda Foundation. However, Gates has proven to be a significant ethical leader there are near who believe otherwise when it comes to unethical practice as a businessman of some of the top largest company. The last of this paper is to focus on effective leadership of Bill Gates should be handled in an ethical manner on managing business and employees with consideration and respe ct.Virtues of Bill Gates in that respect are two virtues about Bill Gates that best describes as an effective ethical leader of Bill and Melinda Foundation. The first virtue is sincerity is unmatchable of the characteristic traits of Gates. According to Oxford Dictionary, the definition of sincerity is the quality of being free from pretense, deceit, or hypocrisy (oxforddictionary.com). Sincerity meant as being generous and kind and caring to others such as individuals who in need of help in all lives.The Bill and Melinda foundation is a kindness foundation that helps and improves poverty, education, children well-being, and health. Gates donated billions of dollars towards foundation charity that contributes to people around the world. The foundation has helped proven the sincerity virtue of Gates moral characteristic traits in the most critical issues that needed the most. There are many evidences that Gates invested into healthcare of 4.2billion dollars and 1.5billion for the h omeless Lancet, (2007).Gates has well proven to help save and change world by creating Bill and Melinda foundation which is the worlds largest charity foundation.The second virtue is perception that Gates has proven to be good moral character by building a made foundation of charity by organizing, gathering information, and demonstrating knowledge of what are critical issues that needed to be addressed to make the world a better place.The Oxford dictionary gives the definition of wisdom as the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment the quality of being wise (oxforddictionary.com). Wisdom is meant as having the knowledge and good decision making for an effective benefit. There are two types of wisdom such as theoretical and practical. The theoretical wisdom is explained as to understanding and comprehending. According to Brusseau (2012), describes practical or sometimes called trouble as the learned knowledge that being able to apply it in real life.Bill Gates of Vice as InsensibilitySome believe that Gates has another(prenominal) side that made Gates one of the richest entrepreneurs in the world. Bill Gates has a number of successful businesses. One of the companies, in particular, is a waste worry company called res publica Service. Republic Service that Gates own is one of the worlds second-largest companies in America. Accusations have been made against Gates has mistreated the employees of Republic Service with unethical practice and standards.The three major concerns that workers are disputing over retirement funds being taken, unpaid overtime, and illegal abandoning contracts employee already agreed that was with the union. This caused employees to protest and being lockout Republic Service.The term insensibility is one of example that applies to Gates on this weigh. Assuming that Gates is guilty of this unethical behavior, this is an act of no consideration for the employees if employees benefits were taken that employee had wo rked for many years at the waste management company.The dictionary gives the definition of insensibility as incapable of feeling or perceiving deprived of sensation unconscious, as a person after a violent blow (dictionary.com). Assuming that allegations are true this unkindly act of unethical practice, then evidence has shown that Gates should show more of effective ethical practice and standards towards employees with consideration and respect. Conclusion Bill Gates is believed to be a good example of an ethical leader.Bill Gates is a self-made billionaire who was the creator of Microsoft and other software. Gates had changed the lives of people all over the world with the innovation of Microsoft. Bill Gates has a very successful resume and continues to pursuing on helping save the world which is an inspiration to everyone. Bill Gates has a way of touching people hearts because of the concerns of many critical issues that the world is faced with.Gates has a way of tackling major i ssues that no one wants to deal with let alone donate an unlimited come of funding so give thanks to Gates.Despite what others are saying, many have an issue with Gates the billionaire money which shouldnt matter. After all, there are always some allegations or accusations that are being made about someone especially like Bill Gates that is rich and famous cant expect to have enemies. Overall, what should matter if Gates behaving unethical manner.The value of employees should be held to the highest standards of ethical behavior with the utmost respect? Lets concentrate on what all said to be practiced and what all is said to be preached. That is, being an ethical leader who shows, believes, and live by values, beliefs, and morals in life at all times.

The Bush Doctrine

President George W. scouring made cognize to the population all over the solid ground the existence of his impudently matter pledge dodge on kinfolk 2002. While the newfound scheme preserved a few components from past strategies, in m both aspects it is a daring digression from previous U. S. policy. It clearly asserts that the get together States is in an extremely distinctive spot of governmental and array ascendancy and that it possesses an ethical responsibility to utilize this power to institute an autonomous and noninterventionist world order.This new strategy maintains that the unify States must set up and sustain a world(prenominal) soldiers victory to achieve the kind of democratic and peaceful world it has visualized. According to this plan, its execution necessitates blocking, if necessary by force, either and all those who get out challenge this nonion of U. S. armament authorisation. As it is, terrorists and some states that argon kat oncen to tast e or actually possess weapons of mass destruction pose a colossal challenge to world stability.Fearing that the Cold strugglefare principles of deterrence and containment may be outdated or would no longer work, and that if we rest for terrors to fully materialize, we exit become clasped in like manner long, scrubbing declared in the guinea pig security department Strategy a novel preemption article of belief to combat such threats (Speed & May, 2005, pp. 38-49). The furnish philosophy This article of faith is a set of foreign policy courses of action initially disclosed by President Bush during his inauguration speech addressed to the graduating class of West Point on June 1, 2002.When harborn as a whole, these principles cause a comprehensive and novel stage in US policy that stressed armed forces pre-emption, military superiority (what has been known as strength beyond challenge) unilateral action and a dedication towards extending democracy, indecency and sec urity to all regions. Such set of principles was made move outicial in a document called The subject Security Strategy of the United States of America, published on September 20, 2002.This principle provided the framework for the invasion of Iraq in 2003. The term Bush Doctrine at first referred to the policy formulation stated immediately aft(prenominal) the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center assault that the United States would see no difference amidst terrorists who commit outrageous acts against property and humanity and those mass who believe and protect these terrorists. During the invasion of Afghanistan in October 2001, this policy was stridently applied.Even though the Taliban-controlled government of Afghanistan volunteered to extradite al-Qaida leader Osama bin Laden if concrete proofs were addicted that he was really responsible for the September 11 attacks and also offered to entrust bin Laden to Pakistan where he would be tried under Islamic law, their refusa l to extradite him to the U. S. with no preconditions was considered justification for invasion. This principle then connotes that any country that would not micturate a pro-active mystify against terrorism would automatically be seen as a country supporting it.In a televised speech to a session in Congress, President Bush recapitulated the doctrine with these very popular words Every nation, in invariablyy region, now has a decision to make. every you are with us, or you are with the terrorists. Roots of the Doctrine History of the doctrine can be traced rear end to the Department of Defense when a draft version of the internal Defense Planning Guide principles watchful by Paul Wolfowitz came out, at that meter then he was the Under Secretary of Defense for constitution in 1992.As the guidelines were leaked to the press and consequently triggered bitter controversy, President Bush commanded it to be re-drafted which now became to be known as the Bush Doctrine. Debate over the Bush Doctrine In spite of the United States position as a world power, the ominous September 11 assault on the American people on American soil and Bushs resolution of a GWOT depicted more than ever the necessity of taking a new perspective of its global security environment (Zelikow, 2003, p. 19).The Bush Doctrine progressed from a realist selective engagement scheme toward a plan of US supremacy with the motivation and ecstasy to utilize pre-emptive military might in confronting threats essential to American home(a) security (Dueck, 2004, pp. 523-532). Both good-looking and conservative stand crimsons clashed. The Bush Doctrine instigated an ocean of censure, praises and its own set of disputes, deliberating on its legitimacy and strength as the appropriate strategy for America in the twenty first century.President Bushs administration chose to take a position toward a NSS of Primacy, utilize preventative military action to take care of national vital interests, and use a coalition of the provideing when UN support was less(prenominal) than expected (Bush, 2002). So a lot disagreements and deliberations surface at home and abroad after the release of the September 2002 NSS. The idea of United States dominance push people to be on two extreme sides advocates strongly believe that the US is a principled and a remarkable knight in shining armor and a genuine withstander against anarchy and wickedness.Those who intensely oppose refer her as the all powerful root of evil ( international Policy, 2002). very specifically, Bush Doctrine detractors see the use of primacy as an unwarranted speechifying and an nefarious rationalization to employ pre-emptive military strikes when the US conveniently opts for it (Ney, 2004, p. 10). It scarce means that the doctrines antagonists view it as egotistical, over-belligerent and menacingly f rightfielden (Kagan, 2004, 65-72). By the time the war actually began in March 2003, the Iraq crisis was no longer just the take of transatlantic differences, solely a significant cause of them (Gordon & Shapiro, 2004).Critics point out that the practice of preemption is not new, however fliping it into doctrine weakens multinational norms and encourages opposite countries to engage in risky actions. Similarly, they argue, American primacy is a fact, but thither is no need for rhetoric that rubs other peoples faces in it (Ney, 2004, p. 9). Criticisms Those who chip in been very misanthropical of the Bush Doctrine articulate that it is not a principle of pre-emptive war but preventive war. A pre-emptive war is one against an opposite preparing to strike right away. A preventive war is one against an enemy that will pose a danger in the future.Likewise, they consider it a huge problem if American preventive wars might motivate other countries to validate attacks on their enemies as preemptive wars. Apparently, the National Security Strategy warns other nations not to use pre-emption as a prete xt for aggression and explains that the reasons for American actions will be clear, the force measured, and the cause just. However, critics argue that with this policy, it will be difficult for America to be booming in stopping other countries from using pre-emption to wage war.Another argument from detractors further insist that the doctrine implies that America will do what it chooses without respect and consideration for internationalist organization agreements. This principle, according to them, emasculates the authority of the initiatives of these international groups to confront many global predicaments comparable slavery, drug-running and terrorism, concerns that are also important to the United States. In like manner, these opponents of the doctrine are fearsome that a willingness to use preemptive military force may turn this last re salmagundi scheme into a first resort instrument.By going it alone in the world, American power loses its authority and authenticity and the United States is seen as a tough tormentor and persecutor. Finally, say it isnt realistic. These critics stressed the fact that it took democracy hundreds of years to set in, develop and become established in horse opera countries. Societies like Iraq, which have no democratic tradition, cannot be expected to right away form imperfect institutions. It is also thought that the costs of nation-building will be outrageously overwhelming.And on the personal level, these opponents of the doctrine compute that it is definitely shameful for the US to impose her way of life, virtually especially the capitalistic ashes, on other cultures. When is a First Strike Acceptable? For the sake of argument, one accepts to be true that some right of pre-emptive self-defense exist under international law, the next query is how far it can go. Experts on the study claimed that even if there was a right of striking first, it could only exist when the country affected had no time to take the issu e to the United Nations.Based on Article 51, it has been argued that you have the right of self-defense until such time as the Security Council takes action. And therefore its implied that if you have the time to deliberate and to go to the Council forward you take pre-emptive action, then you have to go to the Council. In short, the Bush doctrine was and is obviously illegal. If one considers it closely, there was never an indication or suggestion that Iraq is going to launch an assault at the United States or that any of the countries that potentially fall within the scope of military action validated by the Bush doctrine are immediate threats.Clearly, the policy was aimed at effectively closing down dangerous regimes in advance they become imminent threats an act which represented a usurpation of the Security Councils role in global affairs. In the specific case of the United States and Iraq, however, experts did not consider Iraqi actions to pose a grave threat to the United States to justify a pre-emptive attack. As an indication of what might indicate a sufficient threat, there should be evidence that the Iraqi leadership is in possession of some sort of weapon, plus a means to get it to the United States, plus actually intending imminently to do that but otherwise not.The Dangers of Unilateralism It has been asserted that it was intrinsically undesirable for the United States or any other country to take pre-emptive action unilaterally. The difficulty posited by anticipatory self-defense as that of finding a reasonable midpoint ground between the reductio ad absurdum of two extremes have been depicted, If you insisted that a small country wait for a neighbor to attack it with nuclear weapons before responding everybody would just say the law is an ass.On the other hand, if you have a law which says that any country that feels threatened is free to attack any country from which it feels the threat is emanating, then you dont have a law at all. In th e case of the United States and Iraq, it has been sketched out what a reasonable interpretation of the law would demand that the US show other states (starting with the Security Council and NATO) evidence to suggest that Iraq is supporting the use of force by terrorist organizations against a member (or several members) of the United Nations.Without such evidence, you probably shouldnt do it, because everybody is going to assume that youre acting for other motives. That would destabilize the international system, because other countries would see the Bush doctrine as a potential threat to themselves. Extending this point to a general principle, analysts say that when there is a tackle in international law that had to be interpreted reasonably, as with the right of self-defense, the process by which it was interpreted became more important than the sub view of the rule itself.It could not simply be interpreted by a single country, with no attempt to pack other countries of the ne cessity of its actions. If the process of interpreting the rule is an entirely unilateral one, in which the strong do as they will, and the weak have to accept it, then the world is back to the Peloponnesian wars, and certainly most countries would exsert that. world(prenominal) Law and the Bush DoctrineAt home and abroad, the doctrine triggered so much alarm because it evidently ignores even the minor respect to international law and collaboration that exemplified Post-Second World War foreign policy until the Clinton administration. From now on, the U. S. might make use of the cover provided by UN resolutions and international coalitions for the sake of expediency, but Bush and his aggroup were sacrificely declaring that the worlds only superpower would do as it wanted without being jump in any serious way by the international community.Between September 11 and the public declaration of the Bush Doctrine, there were many manifestations of the administrations sweeping condesce nsion for international law. The bombing of noncombatant areas and the use of cluster bombs in Afghanistan were all in direct violation of the 1949 Geneva Conventions for the Protection of War Victims. Likewise, a blatant infringement of other Geneva Convention provisions is the imprisonment at Guantanamo call for Naval Base, Cuba, of aliens detained in the war on terrorism.More than six hundred detainees from more than forty nations are at present being held at Guantanamo. These foreigners are declared by the Bush administration to be unlawful combatants and not prisoners of war whose rights are suppose to be protected under the Geneva Conventions but as it is, these detainees have been prohibited from seeing family members or having access to lawyers. The list of incidents where the Bush administration has written off or repudiated support to various agreements with other powers is huge and far-reaching.One good way to recapitulate the approach the Bush administration is taking and its current line of thinking is to say that the U. S. is now organized, equipped and geared up to hold everyone in the world answerable under international lawexcept itself. Nowhere has this stance been more prominent than in the administrations policy towards the International Criminal Court (ICC). The ICC has been a major subject of international discussion and negotiation for years and was scheduled to come into existence on July 1, 2002.It will be made up of judges and a prosecutor chosen by the 66 nations that have ratified the 1998 Rome Statute of the ICC and will claim to have jurisdiction over the most heinous abuses resulting from international conflicts (Keach, 2003). Right or Wrong Strategy? Evidently, the Bush Doctrine is an exceedingly flip plan. However, it is hideously inconsistent and faulty. Some of the flaws are International support almost zero. These guidelines will be confronted with a high degree of opposition from the global community which implies that it will also be the end of open cooperation to stop terrorists and all forms of terrorism.It cannot be denied that global unity and collaboration is a great necessity in order to effectively hunt terrorist leaders and bring them to justice. With the kind of opposition the US is getting and the face of psychological and emotional level the global community is in, that ability to obtain cooperation is in danger. There is too much to loose economically. Or a poetical way of saying it is the war may have been won but along the way, peace is lost. Obviously, economics was behind the the Wests great comfort during the Cold War.The USs consecutive principles of containment permitted wealth and success in the face of peril. It is common knowledge that the USs high technology and affluence facilitated her to obtain increasing levels of superiority over the USSR. With the Bush Doctrine, the threat of hot wars with small nations of insignificant power over a long period of time has and wi ll persist to gravely damage the United States and global economies. Economic catastrophe can and will take in problems in states the US formerly had no reason to be afraid of. US military cannot fight and win clean victories against these opponents. As the Russians found out in Grozny, urban warfare is not even remotely similar to the clean open air victory we fought in the first gulf war. Further, the other foes we may fight are much more difficult, particularly N. Korea. The collateral damage in that situation would likely be massive. Conclusion The Bush administrations language of preemptive strikes, regime change, and anticipatory self-defense, simply present euphemisms for raw military aggression and belligerence.Critics claimed the new strike first, ask questions later policy, and hostile unilateralism are hazardous legitimating of preemptive strikes. Israel, Pakistan, Russia, China, and smaller powers had already made use of the so-called Bush doctrine and war against terr orism to legitimize assaults on domestic and external enemies and there were big possibilities that it could escalate into bigger conflicts that will definitely make the world an extremely volatile and vicious place to live in.A global strategy based on the new Bush doctrine of preemption means the end of the system of international institutions, laws and norms that we have worked to build for more than half a century. What is at stake is nothing less than a fundamental shift in Americas place in the world. Rather than continuing to serve as first among equals in the postwar international system, the United States would act as a law unto itself, creating new rules of international engagement without the consent of other nations. In my judgment, this new stance would ill serve the semipermanent interests of the United States (Galston, 2002).In the book Rogue Nation American Unilateralism and the Future of Good Intentions, Clyde Prestowitz (2003) asserts that Bushs doctrine of preempt ive strikes and military supremacy emasculates three primary towers of strength as far as international order and stability are concerned 1) the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia which recognized and established a principle of respect for national SV and noninterference in the affairs of other countries 2) the UN Charter that disallows the threat or use of military force except in self-defense or under the authority of a UN Security Council mandates and the 3) Nuremberg Trails which considered preemptive strikes a war crime. In addition, this doctrine of preemptive strikes could give free rein to a age of terrible wars that could thrust this planet into a dreadful and nightmarish militarism and totalitarianism vividly depicted in George Orwells 1984. The Bush principle is an extremely barbaric policy, bringing the international community to a kindly Darwinist battleground where years and years of international law and military discretion were set aside in possibly the most perilous forei gn policy doctrine that had ever surfaced in American history.It foretells a militarist future and a period of eternal war in which a new militarism could create a succession of interminable bloodshed and reprisals, such as the case in the Palestine-Israel conflict (Vidal & Gore, 2002 / 2003). References/Readings Bush, G. W. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America Washington, D. C. The White House, 17 September 2002 Zelikow, P. 2003. The Transformation of National Security. The National Interest. Vol. 71 p. 19. Dueck, C. 2004. Ideas and Alternative in American Grand Strategy, 2000-2004, Review of International Studies. vol. 30, pp. 511, 523-532. . Ney, J. S. 2004. US Primacy Is Fact-So, Now, Work on Soft Power of Persuasion. Christian Science Monitor. p. 10. Speed, R. & May, M. 2005. Bulletin of Atomic Scientists. Vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 38-49 Kagan, R. 2004.Americas Crisis of Legitimacy. Foreign Affairs, vol. 83, II, pp. 65-72. Gordon, P. & Shapiro, J. 2004. Allies at War America Europe and the Crisis Over Iraq. new-fashioned York McGraw-Hill Smith, J. W. 2003. World wars Battles over who decides the rules of short trade, economic democracy The political struggle for the 21st Century. 3rd Edition Whittaker, D. 2003. The terrorism reader. London New York Routledge Bush, G. W. 2002. Graduation Speech at West Point, the White House, 1 June, http//www. whitehouse. gov/news/releases/2002/06/20020601-3. html Keach, B. 2003. International Law Illusion and Reality. International Socialist Review, vol. 27